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change "bare in mind" to "bear in mind" re https://www.scribbr.co.uk/definition/bear-in-mind-meaning/
198 lines
6.8 KiB
ReStructuredText
198 lines
6.8 KiB
ReStructuredText
:lastproofread: 2023-11-23
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########
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Firewall
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########
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As VyOS is based on Linux it leverages its firewall. The Netfilter project
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created iptables and its successor nftables for the Linux kernel to
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work directly on packet data flows. This now extends the concept of
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zone-based security to allow for manipulating the data at multiple stages once
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accepted by the network interface and the driver before being handed off to
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the destination (e.g., a web server OR another device).
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A simplified traffic flow diagram, based on Netfilter packet flow, is shown
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next, in order to have a full view and understanding of how packets are
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processed, and what possible paths traffic can take.
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.. figure:: /_static/images/firewall-gral-packet-flow.png
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The main points regarding this packet flow and terminology used in VyOS
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firewall are covered below:
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* **Bridge Port?**: choose appropriate path based on whether interface
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where the packet was received is part of a bridge, or not.
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If the interface where the packet was received isn't part of a bridge, then
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packet is processed at the **IP Layer**:
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* **Prerouting**: All packets that are received by the router
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are processed in this stage, regardless of the destination of the packet.
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Starting from vyos-1.5-rolling-202406120020, a new section was added to
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firewall configuration. There are several actions that can be done in this
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stage, and currently these actions are also defined in different parts in
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VyOS configuration. Order is important, and relevant configuration that
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acts in this stage are:
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* **Firewall prerouting**: rules defined under ``set firewall [ipv4 |
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ipv6] prerouting raw...``. All rules defined in this section are
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processed before connection tracking subsystem.
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* **Conntrack Ignore**: rules defined under ``set system conntrack ignore
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[ipv4 | ipv6] ...``. Starting from vyos-1.5-rolling-202406120020,
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configuration done in this section can be done in ``firewall [ipv4 |
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ipv6] prerouting ...``. For compatibility reasons, this feature is
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still present, but it will be removed in the future.
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* **Policy Route**: rules defined under ``set policy [route | route6]
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...``.
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* **Destination NAT**: rules defined under ``set [nat | nat66]
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destination...``.
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* **Destination is the router?**: choose appropriate path based on
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destination IP address. Transit forward continues to **forward**,
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while traffic that destination IP address is configured on the router
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continues to **input**.
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* **Input**: stage where traffic destined for the router itself can be
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filtered and controlled. This is where all rules for securing the router
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should take place. This includes ipv4 and ipv6 filtering rules, defined
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in:
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* ``set firewall ipv4 input filter ...``.
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* ``set firewall ipv6 input filter ...``.
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* **Forward**: stage where transit traffic can be filtered and controlled.
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This includes ipv4 and ipv6 filtering rules, defined in:
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* ``set firewall ipv4 forward filter ...``.
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* ``set firewall ipv6 forward filter ...``.
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* **Output**: stage where traffic that originates from the router itself
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can be filtered and controlled. Bare in mind that this traffic can be a
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new connection originated by a internal process running on VyOS router,
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such as NTP, or a response to traffic received externally through
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**input** (for example response to an ssh login attempt to the router).
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This includes ipv4 and ipv6 rules, and two different sections are present:
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* **Output Prerouting**: ``set firewall [ipv4 | ipv6] output filter ...``.
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As described in **Prerouting**, rules defined in this section are
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processed before connection tracking subsystem.
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* **Output Filter**: ``set firewall [ipv4 | ipv6] output filter ...``.
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* **Postrouting**: as in **Prerouting**, several actions defined in
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different parts of VyOS configuration are performed in this
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stage. This includes:
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* **Source NAT**: rules defined under ``set [nat | nat66]
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destination...``.
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If the interface where the packet was received is part of a bridge, then
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the packet is processed at the **Bridge Layer**, which contains a basic setup for
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bridge filtering:
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* **Forward (Bridge)**: stage where traffic that is trespassing through the
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bridge is filtered and controlled:
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* ``set firewall bridge forward filter ...``.
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The main structure of the VyOS firewall CLI is shown next:
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.. code-block:: none
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- set firewall
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* bridge
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- forward
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+ filter
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* flowtable
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- custom_flow_table
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+ ...
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* global-options
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+ all-ping
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+ broadcast-ping
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+ ...
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* group
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- address-group
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- ipv6-address-group
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- network-group
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- ipv6-network-group
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- interface-group
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- mac-group
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- port-group
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- domain-group
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* ipv4
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- forward
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+ filter
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- input
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+ filter
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- output
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+ filter
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+ raw
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- prerouting
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+ raw
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- name
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+ custom_name
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* ipv6
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- forward
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+ filter
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- input
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+ filter
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- output
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+ filter
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+ raw
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- prerouting
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+ raw
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- ipv6-name
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+ custom_name
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* zone
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- custom_zone_name
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+ ...
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Please, refer to appropriate section for more information about firewall
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configuration:
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.. toctree::
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:maxdepth: 1
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:includehidden:
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global-options
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groups
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bridge
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ipv4
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ipv6
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flowtables
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.. note:: **For more information**
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of Netfilter hooks and Linux networking packet flows can be
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found in `Netfilter-Hooks
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<https://wiki.nftables.org/wiki-nftables/index.php/Netfilter_hooks>`_
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Zone-based firewall
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. toctree::
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:maxdepth: 1
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:includehidden:
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zone
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With zone-based firewalls a new concept was implemented, in addition to the
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standard in and out traffic flows, a local flow was added. This local was for
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traffic originating and destined to the router itself. Which means additional
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rules were required to secure the firewall itself from the network, in
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addition to the existing inbound and outbound rules from the traditional
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concept above.
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To configure VyOS with the
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:doc:`zone-based firewall configuration </configuration/firewall/zone>`
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As the example image below shows, the device now needs rules to allow/block
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traffic to or from the services running on the device that have open
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connections on that interface.
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.. figure:: /_static/images/firewall-zonebased.png
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